Chronic Energy Deficiency, Iron Supplementation, and Antenatal Care Utilization as Determinants of Anemia among Pregnant Women

Abstract

Maternal anemia remains a significant public health concern, particularly in developing countries, as it contributes to increased risks of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between antenatal care (ANC) utilization, chronic energy deficiency (CED), and adherence to iron supplementation with the occurrence of anemia among pregnant women. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from 121,338 pregnant women. The independent variables included ANC quantity, ANC quality based on the 10T standard, CED status, and adherence to iron supplementation. Data were analyzed using chi square test. The results showed that irregular ANC visits (OR=1.291; 95% CI: 1.245–1.339), chronic energy deficiency (OR=1.268; 95% CI: 1.227–1.310), and non-adherence to iron supplementation (OR=1.332; 95% CI: 1.298–1.367) were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of maternal anemia (p<0.001). Strengthening maternal health services and nutrition interventions should be prioritized to support better pregnancy outcomes.

Anemia pada ibu hamil masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang signifikan, terutama di negara berkembang, karena berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan risiko morbiditas dan mortalitas pada ibu maupun bayi baru lahir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara pemanfaatan pelayanan antenatal care (ANC), kekurangan energi kronis (KEK), dan kepatuhan konsumsi suplementasi zat besi dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil. Analisis cross-sectional dilakukan menggunakan data dari 121.338 ibu hamil. Variabel independen dalam penelitian ini meliputi kuantitas kunjungan ANC, kualitas pelayanan ANC berdasarkan standar 10T, status KEK, serta kepatuhan konsumsi suplementasi zat besi. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kunjungan ANC yang tidak teratur (OR = 1,291; 95% CI: 1,245–1,339), kekurangan energi kronis (OR = 1,268; 95% CI: 1,227–1,310), dan ketidakpatuhan dalam mengonsumsi suplementasi zat besi (OR = 1,332; 95% CI: 1,298–1,367) berhubungan secara signifikan dengan peningkatan risiko anemia pada ibu hamil (p < 0,001). Penguatan layanan kesehatan ibu serta intervensi gizi perlu menjadi prioritas guna mendukung hasil kehamilan yang lebih baik.